Cyclic inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel compounds of the Formula Formulas (I), (Ia 1-20 ), (Ib 1-20 ), (Ic 1-20 ), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, which are useful for the therapeutic treatment of diseases associated with the modulation or inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in mammals. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions of the novel compounds and methods for their use in the reduction or control of the production of cortisol in a cell or the inhibition of the conversion of cortisone to cortisol in a cell.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), pharmaceutical compositions thereof and methods of using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol (hydrocortisone), are steroid hormones that regulate fat metabolism, function and distribution, and play a role in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Glucocorticoids are also known to have physiological effects on development, neurobiology, inflammation, blood pressure, metabolism, and programmed cell death. Cortisol and other corticosteroids bind both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and have been shown to mediate cortisol function in vivo. These receptors directly modulate transcription via DNA-binding zinc finger domains and transcriptional activation domains.

Until recently, the major determinants of glucocorticoid action were attributed to three primary factors: (1) circulating levels of glucocorticoid (driven primarily by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis); (2) protein binding of glucocorticoids in circulation; and (3) intracellular receptor density inside target tissues. Recently, a fourth determinant of glucocorticoid function has been identified: tissue-specific pre-receptor metabolism by glucocorticoid-activating and -inactivating enzymes. These 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) pre-receptor control enzymes modulate activation of GR and MR by regulation of glucocorticoid hormones. To date, two distinct isozymes of 11-beta-HSD have been cloned and characterized: 11β-HSD1 (also known as 11-beta-HSD type 1, 11betaHSD1, HSD11B1, HDL, and HSD11L) and 11β-HSD2. 11β-HSD1 is a bi-directional oxidoreductase that regenerates active cortisol from inactive 11-keto forms, whereas 11β-HSD2 is a unidirectional dehydrogenase that inactivates biologically active cortisol by converting it into cortisone.

The two isoforms are expressed in a distinct tissue-specific fashion, consistent with the differences in their physiological roles. 11β-HSD1 is widely distributed in rat and human tissues; expression of the enzyme and corresponding mRNA have been detected in human liver, adipose tissue, lung, testis, bone and ciliary epithelium. In adipose tissue, increased cortisol concentrations stimulate adipocyte differentiation and may play a role in promoting visceral obesity. In the eye, 11β-HSD1 may regulate intraocular pressure and may contribute to glaucoma; some data suggest that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may cause a drop in intraocular pressure in patients with intraocular hypertension (Kotelevstev et al. (1997), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94(26):14924-9). Although 11β-HSD1 catalyzes both 11-beta-dehydrogenation and the reverse 11-oxoreduction reaction, 11β-HSD1 acts predominantly as a NADPH-dependent oxoreductase in intact cells and tissues, catalyzing the formation of active cortisol from inert cortisone (Low et al. (1994) J. Mol. Endocrin. 13: 167-174). In contradistinction, 11β-HSD2 expression is found mainly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as kidney (cortex and medulla), placenta, sigmoid and rectal colon, salivary gland and colonic epithelial cell lines. 11β-HSD2 acts as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase catalyzing the inactivation of cortisol to cortisone (Albiston et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Endocrin. 105: R11-R17), and has been shown to protect the MR from glucocorticoid excess (e.g., high levels of receptor-active cortisol) (Blum, et al. (2003) Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 75:173-216).

Mutations in either the 11β-HSD1 or the 11β-HSD2 genes result in human pathology. For example, individuals with mutations in 11β-HSD2 are deficient in this cortisol-inactivation activity and, as a result, present with a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (also referred to as ‘SAME’) characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and sodium retention (Edwards et al. (1988) Lancet 2: 986-989; Wilson et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 10200-10205). Similarly, mutations in 11β-HSD1 and in the gene encoding a co-localized NADPH-generating enzyme, hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD), can result in cortisone reductase deficiency (CRD); these individuals present with ACTH-mediated androgen excess (hirsutism, menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism), a phenotype resembling polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Draper et al. (2003) Nat. Genet. 34: 434-439).

Notably, disruption of homeostasis in the HPA axis by either deficient or excess secretion or action results in Cushing's syndrome or Addison's disease, respectively (Miller and Chrousos (2001) Endocrinology and Metabolism, eds. Felig and Frohman (McGraw-Hill, New York), 4^(th) Ed.: 387-524). Patients with Cushing's syndrome or receiving glucocorticoid therapy develop reversible visceral fat obesity. The phenotype of Cushing's syndrome patients closely resembles that of Reaven's metabolic syndrome (also known as Syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome), the symptoms of which include visceral obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Reaven (1993) Ann. Rev. Med. 44: 121-131). Although the role of glucocorticoids in human obesity is not fully characterized, there is mounting evidence that 11β-HSD1 activity plays an important role in obesity and metabolic syndrome (Bujalska et al. (1997) Lancet 349: 1210-1213); (Livingstone et al. (2000) Endocrinology 131: 560-563; Rask et al. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1418-1421; Lindsay et al. (2003) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 2738-2744; Wake et al. (2003) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 3983-3988).

Data from studies in mouse transgenic models supports the hypothesis that adipocyte 11β-HSD1 activity plays a central role in visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (Alberts et al. (2002) Diabetologia. 45(11): 1526-32). Over-expression in adipose tissue of 11β-HSD1 under the control of the aP2 promoter in transgenic mice produced a phenotype remarkably similar to human metabolic syndrome (Masuzaki et al. (2001) Science 294: 2166-2170; Masuzaki et al. (2003) J. Clinical Invest. 112: 83-90). Moreover, the increased activity of 11β-HSD1 in these mice is very similar to that observed in human obesity (Rask et al. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1418-1421). In addition, data from studies with 11β-HSD1-deficient mice produced by homologous recombination demonstrate that the loss of 11β-HSD1 leads to an increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance due to a tissue-specific deficiency in active glucocorticoid levels (Kotelevstev et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 14924-14929; Morton et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 41293-41300; Morton et al. (2004) Diabetes 53: 931-938).

The published data supports the hypothesis that increased expression of 11β-HSD1 contributes to increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue and hence that 11β-HSD1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of central obesity and the appearance of the metabolic syndrome in humans (Engeli, et al., (2004) Obes. Res. 12: 9-17). Therefore, 11β-HSD1 is a promising pharmaceutical target for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome (Masuzaki, et al., (2003) Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 3: 255-62). Furthermore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity may prove beneficial in treating numerous glucocorticoid-related disorders. For example, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors could be effective in combating obesity and/or aspects of the metabolic syndrome cluster, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and/or hyperlipidemia (Kotelevstev et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 14924-14929; Morton et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 41293-41300; Morton et al. (2004) Diabetes 53: 931-938). In addition, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity may have beneficial effects on the pancreas, including the enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin release (Billaudel and Sutter (1979) Horm. Metab. Res. 11: 555-560; Ogawa et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 90: 497-504; Davani et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 34841-34844).

Furthermore, given that inter-individual differences in general cognitive function have been linked to variability in the long-term exposure to glucocorticoids (Lupien et al. (1998) Nat. Neurosci. 1: 69-73) and dysregulation of the HPA axis resulting in chronic exposure to glucocorticoid excess in certain brain subregions has been theorized to contribute to the decline of cognitive function (McEwen and Sapolsky (1995) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5: 205-216), one might predict that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 could reduce exposure to glucocorticoids in the brain and thereby protect against deleterious glucocorticoid effects on neuronal function, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and/or depression. Notably, it is known that stress and glucocorticoids influence cognitive function (de Quervain et al. (1998) Nature 394: 787-790); and it has been shown that 11β-HSD1, through its control of glucocorticoid action in the brain, may have effects on neurotoxicity (Rajan et al. (1996) Neuroscience 16: 65-70; Seckl (2000) Neuroendocrinol. 18:49-99).

There is also evidence that glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1 play a role in regulation of in intra-ocular pressure (IOP) (Stokes et al. (2000) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 1629-1683; Rauz et al. (2001) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42: 2037-2042); if left untreated, elevated IOP can lead to partial visual field loss and eventually blindness. Thus, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in the eye could reduce local glucocorticoid concentrations and IOP, and 11β-HSD1 hence could potentially be used to treat glaucoma and other visual disorders.

Transgenic aP2-11βHSD1 mice exhibit high arterial blood pressure and have increased sensitivity to dietary salt. Moreover, plasma angiotensinogen levels are elevated in the transgenic mice, as are angiotensin II and aldosterone; and treatment of the mice with an angiotensin II antagonist alleviates the hypertension (Masuzaki et al. (2003) J. Clinical Invest. 112: 83-90). This suggests that hypertension may be caused or exacerbated by 11β-HSD1 activity. Thus, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for treatment of hypertension and hypertension-related cardiovascular disorders. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in mature adipocytes is also expected to attenuate secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is an independent cardiovascular risk factor (Halleux et al. (1999) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabl. 84: 4097-4105).

Glucocorticoids can have adverse effects on skeletal tissues; and prolonged exposure to even moderate glucocorticoid doses can result in osteoporosis (Cannalis (1996) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 3441-3447). In addition, 11β-HSD1 has been shown to be present in cultures of human primary osteoblasts as well as cells from adult bone (Cooper et al. (2000) Bone 27: 375-381), and the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone has been shown to attenuate the negative effects of glucocorticoids on bone nodule formation (Bellows et al. (1998) Bone 23: 119-125). Thus, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is predicted to decrease the local glucocorticoid concentration within osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby producing beneficial effects in various forms of bone disease, including osteoporosis.

11β-HSD1 inhibitors may also be useful for immunomodulation. Although glucocorticoids are perceived to suppress the immune system, in actuality, there is a complex, dynamic interaction between the HPA axis and the immune system (Rook (1999) Baillier's Clin. Endocrinol. Metabl. 13: 576-581). Glucocorticoids play a role in modulating the balance between cell-mediated and humoral immune response, with high glucocorticoid activity normally associated with a humoral response. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 therefore can be used a means of shifting the immune response towards a cell-mediated response. Certain disease states, such as tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease) and psoriasis, trigger immune responses that are biased towards a humoral response whereas the more effective immune response may be a cell-mediated response. Hence, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for treating such diseases.

It has been reported that glucocorticoids inhibit wound healing, especially in diabetic patients with ulcers (Bitar et al. (1999) J. Surg. Res. 82: 234-243; Bitar et al. (1999) Surgery 125: 594-601; Bitar (2000) Surgery 127: 687-695; Bitar (1998) Am. J. Pathol. 152: 547-554). Patients that exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and/or type 2 diabetes often also have impaired wound healing. Glucocorticoids have been shown to increase the risk of infection and delay wound healing (Anstead (1998) Adv. Wound Care 11:277-285). Moreover, there is a correlation between elevated levels of cortisol in wound fluid and non-healing wounds (EP Patent App. No. 0 902 288). Recent published patent applications have suggested that certain 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for promoting wound healing (PCT/US2006/043,951).

As evidenced herein, there is a continuing need for new and improved drugs that inhibit 11β-HSD1. The novel compounds of the instant invention are effective inhibitors of 11β-HSD1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of Formula Im¹ or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are effective inhibitors of 11β-HSD1.

The invention is a compound represented by Formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

In a first embodiment of the invention, Formula I and its constituent members are defined herein as follows:

R¹ is (a) absent or (b) is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, arylamino and heteroarylamino;

A¹ is (a) a bond, or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene, CH₂CH₂O, wherein the oxygen is attached to Cy¹, or CH₂C(═O), wherein the carbonyl carbon is attached to Cy¹;

Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-carbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

Cy² in Formula I is 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl or 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

E is (a) a bond or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene or (C₁-C₂)alkylenyloxy, wherein the O is attached to R², each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or oxo;

R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R³ is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂O—, R⁴C(═O)O—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, spirocycloalkyl; heterocyclyl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen or oxo), heteroaryl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo), arylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido) and heteroarylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo); and

R⁴ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Alternatively, the first embodiment above excludes the compounds represented by structural formulas PR-36, PR-215, PR-216, PR-249, PR-251, PR-254 and PR-689; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising i) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and ii) a compound of Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity comprising the step of administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1, comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is the use of a compound of Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity in a mammal in need of such treatment.

Another embodiment of the invention is the use of a compound of Formulas Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formulas Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for use in inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity in a mammal in need of such treatment.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formulas I, Ia¹⁻²⁰, Ib¹⁻²⁰, or Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for use in for treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of any one of Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof:

In Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring (i.e., all monocylic or bicyclic substructures bonded directly to Cy¹ as shown in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰) is optionally substituted (substitution at ring carbons bonded to hydrogen and ring nitrogen atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are encompassed, i.e., a “substitutable ring nitrogen atom”) with up to four substituents as described above. Suitable substituents for the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring and suitable values for R¹, R², R³, A¹, Cy¹ and E are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, suitable substituents for Cy¹ and the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰ are independently fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-sulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl; and values for R¹, R², R³, A¹, Cy¹ and E are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, suitable substituents for Cy¹ include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄) haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and nitro; suitable substituents for a substitutable ring nitrogen atom in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ia⁴ and Ia¹⁶ include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; suitable substituents for a ring carbon atom in the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰ include fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl and (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino; and suitable values for R¹, R², R³, A¹, Cy¹ and E are as defined above in the first embodiment. In another alternative, the embodiments in this paragraph exclude the following compounds:

(R)-6-allyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

(S)-6-(2-Methyl-allyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

6-methyl-6-phenyl-3-(3-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

(R)-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

(6R)-3-((1S)-1-(4-(5-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

(R)-3-((S)-1-(4-(5-acetylthiophen-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

and

(6R)-3-((1S)-1-(4-(5-(1-aminoethyl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, I2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl; R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl; the substituent on the substitutable ring nitrogen atom(s) in the in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ia⁴ and Ia¹⁶ is, independently, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, or (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl; and each substitutable ring carbon atom in the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰ is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of any one of Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof:

In Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring (i.e., all monocylic or bicyclic substructures bonded directly to Cy¹ as shown in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰) is optionally substituted (substitution at ring carbons bonded to hydrogen and at nitrogen atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are encompassed, i.e., a “substitutable ring nitrogen atom”) with up to four substituents as described above for Cy². Suitable substituents for the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring and suitable values for R¹, R², R³ and Cy¹ are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, suitable substituents for Cy¹ and the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰ are independently fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-sulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl; and values for R¹, R², R³ and Cy¹ are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, suitable substituents for Cy¹ include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and nitro; suitable substituents for a substitutable ring nitrogen atom in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ia⁴ and Ia¹⁶ include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; suitable substituents for a ring carbon atom in the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰ include fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl and (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino; and suitable values for R¹, R², R³, and Cy¹ are as defined above in the first embodiment. In another alternative, the embodiments described in this paragraph exclude the compounds represented by structural formulas PR-36, PR-215, PR-216, PR-249, PR-251, PR-254 and PR-689; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, I2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl; R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl; the substituent on the substitutable ring nitrogen atom(s) in the in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ib⁴ and Ib¹⁶ is, independently, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, or (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl; and each substitutable ring carbon atom in the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ib¹⁻²⁰ is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of any one of Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring (i.e., all monocylic or bicyclic substructures bonded directly to Cy¹ as shown in Formulas Ia¹⁻²⁰) is optionally substituted (substitution at ring carbons bonded to hydrogen and at nitrogen atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are encompassed, i.e., a “substitutable ring nitrogen atom”) with up to four substituents as described above in the first embodiment; suitable values for G¹ are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-sulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and suitable substituents for the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring and suitable values for R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; suitable values for G¹ and substituents for the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰ are independently fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-sulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl; and values for R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above in the first embodiment. Alternatively, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; suitable values for G¹ include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and nitro; suitable substituents for a substitutable ring nitrogen atom in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ic⁴ and Ic¹⁶ include C₁-C₄ alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl and C₁-C₄ haloalkyl; suitable substituents for a ring carbon atom in the oxodihydropyridyl ring in Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰ include fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl and (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino; and suitable values for R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above in the first embodiment. In another alternative, the embodiments described in this paragraph exclude the compounds represented by structural formulas PR-36, PR-215, PR-216, PR-249, PR-251, PR-254 and PR-689; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, I2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ic¹⁻²⁰, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl; R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl; the substituent on the substitutable ring nitrogen atom(s) in the in the 1,2,4-triazolyl and xanthinyl ring in Formulas Ie and Ic¹⁶ is, independently, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, or (C₁-C₂) haloalkyl; and each substitutable ring carbon atom in the 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2-4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, xanthinyl, 1,2-diazaindolizinyl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl ring in Formulas Ic¹⁻²° is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by any one of Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

In Formulas Ip¹⁻⁶ G¹ is (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano or nitro; n is 0, 1 or 2; G^(2a) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl or (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; G^(2b) is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino; and suitable values for R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above in the first embodiment. In another alternative, the embodiments described in this paragraph exclude the compounds represented by structural formulas PR-36, PR-215, PR-216, PR-249, PR-251, PR-254 and PR-689; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, isobutyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiment described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Id¹⁻⁶, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl; R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl; the substituent G^(2a) is selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, and (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl; and G^(2b) is optionally selected from hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.

Compounds of the invention are also disclosed in Cyclic Inhibitors Of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/137,148, filed Jul. 25, 2008; and Cyclic Inhibitors Of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1, International Application No. PCT/US2008/009017, filed Jul. 25, 2008; the entire teachings of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Definitions

The term “alkyl” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1-10 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, saturated hydrocarbon ring having 3-10 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclopropyl (c-Pr), cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, spiro[4.4]nonane, adamantyl and the like.

The term “aryl” means an aromatic radical which is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indanyl group or a tetrahydronaphthalene group. An aryl group is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido.

The term “heteroaryl” means a 5- and 6-membered heteroaromatic radical which may optionally be fused to a saturated or unsaturated ring containing 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S and includes, for example, a heteroaromatic radical which is 2- or 3-thienyl, 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, 1H-indol-6-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-6-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-5-yl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinazolinyl, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinoxalinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-isoquinolinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-imidazolyl. A heteroaryl is optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or by oxo to form an N-oxide.

The term “heterocyclyl” means a 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary heterocyclyls include pyrrolidine, pyrrolidin-2-one, 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, piperidine, piperidin-2-one, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, piperazine, 1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperazine, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxopyridine, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine, piperazin-2-one, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-oxopyrimidine, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, isoxazolidine, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, oxazolidin-2-one, imidazolidin-2-one, imidazolidine-2,4-dione, tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one, morpholine, N-methylmorpholine, morpholin-3-one, 1,3-oxazinan-2-one, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-1,2,5-thiaoxazole 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine 1,1-dioxide, hexahydro-1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide, 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl, 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-4-yl, 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl and 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl. A heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen and oxo.

The term “spirocycloalkyl” means a cycloalkyl group which shares one ring carbon with another alkyl or cycloalkyl group.

As used herein the terms “subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably, and means a mammal in need of treatment, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, sheep, goats and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like). Typically, the subject is a human in need of treatment.

Certain of the disclosed compounds may exist in various stereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds that differ only in their spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whose mirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center. “Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not related as mirror images, most commonly because they contain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. The symbol “*” in a structural formula represents the presence of a chiral carbon center. “R” and “S” represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms. Thus, “R*” and “S*” denote the relative configurations of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms.

“Racemate” or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantities of two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity; i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light.

“Geometric isomer” means isomers that differ in the orientation of substituent atoms in relationship to a carbon-carbon double bond, to a cycloalkyl ring, or to a bridged bicyclic system. Atoms (other than H) on each side of a carbon-carbon double bond may be in an E (substituents are on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond) or Z (substituents are oriented on the same side) configuration.

“R,” “S,” “S*,” “R*,” “E,” “Z,” “cis,” and “trans,” indicate configurations relative to the core molecule.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared as individual isomers by either isomer-specific synthesis or resolved from an isomeric mixture. Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt of a free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active acid (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active amine (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester or amide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pure acid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture of either a starting material or a final product using various well known chromatographic methods.

When the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers. When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of the enantiomer over the weight of the enantiomer plus the weight of its optical isomer.

When a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure without indicating the stereochemistry, and the compound has at least one chiral center, it is to be understood that the name or structure encompasses one enantiomer of compound free from the corresponding optical isomer, a racemic mixture of the compound and mixtures enriched in one enantiomer relative to its corresponding optical isomer.

When a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure without indicating the stereochemistry and has at least two chiral centers, it is to be understood that the name or structure encompasses a diastereomer free of other diastereomers, a pair of diastereomers free from other diastereomeric pairs, mixtures of diastereomers, mixtures of diastereomeric pairs, mixtures of diastereomers in which one diastereomer is enriched relative to the other diastereomer(s) and mixtures of diastereomeric pairs in which one diastereomeric pair is enriched relative to the other diastereomeric pair(s).

The compounds of the invention may be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For use in medicines, the salts of the compounds of the invention refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.” Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic or basic/cationic salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable basic/cationic salts include, the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, diethanolamine, n-methyl-D-glucamine, L-lysine, L-arginine, ammonium, ethanolamine, piperazine and triethanolamine salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic salts include, the acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, glyceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, and triethiodide salts.

General Description of Synthetic Methods

Compounds of Formula I can be prepared by several processes. In the discussion below, A¹, Cy¹, Cy², E, R¹, R², R³, Y and n have the meanings indicated above unless otherwise noted. In cases where the synthetic intermediates and final products of Formula I described below contain potentially reactive functional groups, for example amino, hydroxyl, thiol and carboxylic acid groups, that may interfere with the desired reaction, it may be advantageous to employ protected forms of the intermediate. Methods for the selection, introduction and subsequent removal of protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art (see e.g. T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1999). Such protecting group manipulations are assumed in the discussion below and not described explicitly. Generally, reagents in the reaction schemes are used in equimolar amounts; however, in certain cases it may be beneficial to use an excess of one reagent to drive a reaction to completion. This is especially the case when the excess reagent can be readily removed by evaporation or extraction.

Compounds of formula I can be prepared by reaction of a ketocarbamate of formula II, wherein R^(D) is alkyl or arylalkyl such as methyl, t-butyl or benzyl, with an organometallic reagent of formula III wherein M includes but is not limited to MgCl, MgBr, MgI or Li:

In specific examples organometallic reagent III is allylmagnesium bromide, allylzinc bromide, (2-methylallyl)magnesium chloride or (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)zinc bromide. In certain cases, for M is MgCl, MgBr or MgI, it may be advantageous to add CeCl₃ to the reaction mixture. The roles of R³ and R²-E can be reversed, i.e. R³ is part of compound II and R²-E is introduced via organometallic compound III. Depending on the ease of accessability of intermediates II and III the former or latter proceeding may be favored (in the following potential syntheses of intermediate II only are delineated that, however, may be as well employed for the synthesis of the corresponding intermediate II incorporating R³ instead of R²-E).

Ketocarbamates of formula II can be prepared by reaction of aminoketones of formula IV with intermediates of formula V wherein R^(E) is a leaving group such as chlorine, succinyloxy, imidazolyl or t-butoxycarboxy:

Aminoketones of formula IV, wherein n is preferably but not necessarily 0, can be prepared by reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketones of formula VI with amines of formula VII:

Alternatively, aminoketones of formula IV can be prepared by reaction of ketones of formula VIII, wherein LG is a leaving group such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, alkyloxy, dialkylamino, wherein alkyl preferably denotes methyl, with amines of formula VII:

Ketones of formula VIII can in turn be prepared from α,β-unsaturated ketones of formula VI by the formal addition of the corresponding LG-H such as HCl, HBr, HI, HOalkyl and HN(alkyl)₂. Other methods of preparations of intermediates VIII are known in the organic chemistry literature and to the one skilled in the art.

Alternatively, compounds of formula I can be prepared from compounds of general formulae I′, that are in turn obtained via the same synthetic routes which are described for compounds of formula I, and Cy²-M, wherein LG is a leaving group such as iodine, bromine, chlorine and trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy and M a metal or pseudo-metal containing residue such as MgCl, MgBr, MgI, B(OH)₂, BF₃K, B(OCH₂CH₂O), ZnCl, ZnBr, ZnI, SnMe₃, or SnBu₃.

This transformation is preferably conducted with boron substituted Cy² as a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction as described, for instance, in Example 111 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/962,058, filed Jul. 26, 2007. The entire teachings of this application are incorporated herein by reference. The reactivity pattern of the two coupling partners may also be reversed, i.e. Cy¹ is the nucleophilic component bearing the boron (or other metal or pseudo-metal) residue and Cy² is the electrophilic partner bearing the halogen or pseudo-halogen group delivering the same coupling product of formula I under identical conditions. Alternatively, Cy¹ with a leaving group can also be combined with Cy²-M, wherein M denotes H, by a transition metal, preferably palladium catalyzed coupling reaction. Reactions of this type are particularly suited for heteroaromatic Cy²-H as detailed in e.g. Chem Sus Chem 2008, 1, 404-407, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 2550-59, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15185-92, and references quoted therein.

A compound of formula I can also be prepared by reaction of a halo compound of formula IX, wherein Hal is chlorine or bromine, with an isocyanate in the presence of a base:

Halo compounds of formula IX can in turn be prepared by reaction of β-haloketones of formula IX with organometallic reagents of formula III wherein M is a metal containing residue including MgCl, MgBr, MgI or Li. The reaction is optionally carried out in the presence of anhydrous cerium trichloride:

Specific conditions for these reactions are described in SYNTHESIS OF INHIBITORS OF 11BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 1 (11β-HSD1), filed Jul. 25, 2008 as U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/137,013 (Attorney Docket No. 4370.1001-000), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Intermediate I 3-[(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethylamino]-1-phenyl-propan-1-one

NEt₃ (60 mL) followed by (S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethylamine (20.5 g) was added to a solution of 3-chloro-1-phenyl-propan-1-one (23.2 g) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, the solution was concentrated, water (100 mL) was added to the residue, and the resulting mixture was extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried (MgSO₄). The title compound was obtained after removal of the solvent.

Yield: 38.0 g (quantitative); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=288/290 (Cl) [M+H]⁺

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate I:

(1) 3-[(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-1-phenyl-propan-1-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=332/334 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate II [(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3-oxo-3-phenyl-propyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester

Methyl chloroformate (15.5 mL) dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added to a mixture of 3-[(S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethylamino]-1-phenyl-propan-1-one (38.0 g) and Na₂CO₃ (23.5 g) in a mixture of dichloromethane (100 mL) and water (100 mL) at such a rate that the solution temperature remained between 20 and 26° C. After complete addition, the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for an additional 30 min. Then, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted once with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Then, silica gel (20 g) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 min. The silica gel was separated by filtration, washed with dichloromethane (200 mL), and the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil. The oil was treated with iPr₂O (150 mL) to precipitate the title compound that was separated by filtration, washed with petroleum ether (30 mL), and dried. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was taken up in petroleum ether (60 mL). The precipitate formed after a while of stirring was separated by filtration, washed with petroleum ether (20 mL), dried, and combined with the precipitate obtained before.

Yield: 38.2 g (82% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=346/348 (Cl) [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate II:

(1) [(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3-oxo-3-phenyl-propyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=390/392 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate III 5-{[(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-methoxycarbonyl-amino}-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-pentanoic acid methyl ester (mixture of two diastereomers)

Et₂Zn (1 M in hexane, 55 mL) was added dropwise to [(S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3-oxo-3-phenyl-propyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (3.80 g) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL) and chilled to 0° C. under argon atmosphere. Then, (Ph₃P)₃RhCl (0.50 g) was added followed by the dropwise addition of methyl bromoacetate (1.0 mL) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 0-5° C. for 1 h and at ambient temperature for another 1.5 h. The solution was poured into ice-cold half-saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (150 mL). After addition of dichloromethane, the mixture was filtered through Celite and was extracted with an additional portion of dichloromethane. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 85:15->70:30) to give the title compound as a mixture of two diastereomers.

Yield: 4.6 g (quantitative); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420/422 (Cl) [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate III:

(1) 5-{[(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-methoxycarbonyl-amino}-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-pentanoic acid methyl ester (mixture of two diastereomers)

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=464/466 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate IV [(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hexyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (mixture of two diastereomers)

MeLi (1.6 M in Et₂O, 5.1 mL) diluted with tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was added to a solution of 5-{[(S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-methoxycarbonyl-amino}-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-pentanoic acid methyl ester (product from Intermediate III, 1.10 g) in tetrahydrofuran (8 mL) chilled to −75° C. under argon atmosphere. The solution was stirred at ca. −70° C. for 2.5 h and then poured into half-saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (150 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 85:15->70:30) to give the title compound as a mixture of two diastereomers.

Yield: 0.62 g (56% of theory). Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420/422 (Cl) [M+H]⁺.

The reaction may also be conducted using MeMgCl instead of MeLi as described above.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate IV:

(1) [(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hexyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (mixture of two diastereomers)

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=464/466 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate V 3-[(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one and 3-[(S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(R)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.15 g) was added to a solution of [(S)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hexyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (product from Intermediate IV, 0.60 g) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 2.5 h. Then, aqueous NH₄Cl solution was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 60:40->0:100) to separate the two title compounds.

3-[(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one: Yield: 40 mg (7% of theory). Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=388/390 (Cl) [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.80 (s, 3H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.01 (s, 2H), 2.08 (td, J=11.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.02 (m, 1H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 5.38 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.39 (m, 5H).

3-[(S)-1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-(R)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one: Yield: 93 mg (17% of theory). Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=388/390 (Cl) [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.81 (s, 3H), 1.16 (s, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 2.03 (s, 2H), 2.31-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.71 (m, 1H), 4.20 (s, 1H), 5.31 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.43 (m, 4H).

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate V:

(1) 3-[(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

The compound was obtained from [(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hexyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (mixture of two diastereomers) in a mixture with 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(R)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one that was resolved into the pure diastereomers by chromatography as described above.

Intermediate VI (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A flask charged with a stir bar, 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (4.00 g), bis(pinacolato)diboron (3.05 g), 1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene (0.25 g), KOAc (3.18 g), and dimethyl sulfoxide (30 mL) was sparged with argon for 15 min. Then, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (0.38 g) was added and the resulting mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred at this temperature overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, ethyl acetate (150 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine (50 mL) and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 33:66->0:100) to give the title compound as a colorless solid.

Yield: 3.50 mg (79% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=480 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate VII 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester

NEt₃ (0.47 mL) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (0.15 g) were added to a solution of 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (1.04 g) in MeCN (2.5 mL), MeOH (20 mL), and dimethylformamide (5 mL). The resulting mixture was sparged with argon for 5 min and then transferred to a pressure-proved vessel that was filled with CO (5.5. bar). The mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred at this temperature for 18 h before another portion of [1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (0.15 g) was added. After stirring at 70° C. for another 4 h, the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and the resulting mixture was washed with water and brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 40:60->0:100) to afford the title compound as an oil.

Yield: 0.73 g (55% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁻): m/z=456 [M+HCOO]⁻.

Intermediate VIII 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid

1 M aqueous NaOH solution (5 mL) was added to a solution of 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester (0.73 g) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, the solution was concentrated and the residue was taken up in water and filtered. The aqueous filtrate was acidified with 1 M hydrochloric acid and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed to afford the title compound as a foam-like solid.

Yield: 0.38 g (72% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=398 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate IX 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid hydrazide

TBTU [2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate, 0.33 g] was added to 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid (0.37 g) and EtNiPr₂ (0.41 mL) dissolved in dimethylformamide (5 mL). After stirring the solution at room temperature for 10 min, hydrazine hydrate (0.23 mL) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature overnight and then diluted with water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2->90:10) to afford the title compound as a colorless foam-like solid.

Yield: 0.19 g (50% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁻): m/z=410 [M−H]⁻.

Intermediate X (S)-6-(2-Methyl-allyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid hydrazide (90 mg), toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate (10 mg), and 1,1,1-trimethoxy-ethane (1 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, at 80° C. for 2 h, and finally at reflux temperature for 1.5 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1->95:5) to afford the title compound in a mixture with the double bond isomer (S)-6-(2-methyl-allyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (ca. 64:36) as a colorless resin-like solid.

Yield: 55 mg (60% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=418 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate XI 4-{(8)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzonitrile

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.20 g) was added to a mixture of copper(I) cyanide (0.87 g) and 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (4.00 g) in dimethylformamide (20 mL) under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux temperature and stirred at this temperature for 9 h before another portion of copper(I) cyanide (0.20 g) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.10 g) were added. The mixture was further stirred at reflux temperature overnight and then cooled to room temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added and the resulting mixture was filtered through Celite. The organic part of the filtrate was separated and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporating the solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 30:70->0:100) to afford the title compound as a solid.

Yield: 2.18 g (62% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=379 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate XII N-Hydroxy-4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzamidine

A mixture of 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]ethyl}-benzonitrile (0.50 g), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.18 g), and NEt₃ (0.43 mL), and methanol (10 mL) was stirred at reflux temperature for 5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated, mixture was concentrated, ethyl acetate was added to the residue, and the resulting mixture was washed with water and brine. The organic solution was dried Na₂SO₄) and concentrated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2->93:7) to afford the title compound as a foam-like solid.

Yield: 0.28 g (52% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=412 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 1 (S)-6-Isobutyl-3-{1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of (S)-6-(2-methyl-allyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (48 mg; isomeric mixture from Intermediate X) and palladium on carbon (10 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was shaken in hydrogen atmosphere (50 psi) at room temperature for 6 h. Then, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1->95:5) to afford the title compound as a colorless resin-like solid.

Yield: 11 mg (23% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 2 and EXAMPLE 3 3-{(S)-1-[4-(4,5-Dimethyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (Example 2), and (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (Example 3)

2,6-Lutidine (88 μL) followed by oxalyl chloride (32 μL) was added to a solution of N-methyl-acetamide (28 mg) in dichloromethane (3 mL) chilled in an ice bath. After stirring the solution for 15 min, 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid hydrazide (154 mg) was added and then the cooling bath was removed. The solution was stirred for 1 h and then neutralized by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The resulting mixture was extracted twice with dichloromethane and the combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was taken up in acetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at 120° C. for 2.5 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2->95:5) to afford pure Example 3 and a mixture containing Example 2. Example 2 was separated by a second chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 92:8).

Example 2: Yield: 21 mg (12% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=449 [M+H]⁺.

Example 3: Yield: 25 mg (15% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=436 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 5 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(4-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzoic acid hydrazide (300 mg) taken up in triethyl orthoformate (2.5 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 3 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mixture was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99:1->97:3) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 60 mg (20% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=422 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 6 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (74 mg), triethylamine (0.11 mL), N-hydroxy-4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzamidine (150 mg), and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (140 mg) were added in the given order to a solution of acetic acid (21 μL) and dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature overnight. Ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was washed with water and brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2->94:6) to afford the intermediate which was taken up in ethanol (2 mL) and stirred with microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 97:3) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 42 mg (26% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=436 [M+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 7 and EXAMPLE 8 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(4-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (Example 7) and 4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzamide (Example 8)

Formic-acetic acid anhydride [70 μL, prepared by stirring acetic anhydride (0.91 mL) and formic acid (0.37 mL) at 60° C. for 1 h] was added to as solution of triethylamine (0.22 mL) and N-hydroxy-4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-benzamidine (200 mg) in dichloromethane (5 mL) chilled in an ice bath. After stirring with cooling for 1 h, the solution was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water. The solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was taken up in ethanol (2 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred with microwave irradiation at 110° C. for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 97:3->85:15) to afford the desired compound Example 7 and the side compound Example 8 in separate fractions.

Example 7: Yield: 86 mg (42% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=422 [M+H]⁺.

Example 8: Yield: 36 mg (19% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁻): m/z=441 [M+HCOO]⁻

EXAMPLE 9 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-thiazol-5-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (0.63 mL) was added to a solution of 5-bromothiazole (70 μL) and (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl]-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (0.30 g) in dimethylformamide (3 mL). The resulting mixture was sparged with argon for 10 min, before [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloro-palladium(II) dichloromethane complex (15 mg) was added. The mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred at this temperature for 2 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, water was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 50:50->0:100) to afford the title compound as a solid.

Yield: 0.19 g (70% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=437 [M+H]⁺.

The following compounds were obtained in analogy to Example 9:

EXAMPLE 10 3-{(S)-1-[4-(3,5-Dimethyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=476 [M+H]⁺

3-[(S)-1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one and 3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolylboronic acid were the coupling partners.

EXAMPLE 11 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-thiophen-3-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=476 [M+H]⁺

3-Bromo-thiophene was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 12 8-(4-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-phenyl)-1,3,9-trimethyl-3,9-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=546 [M+H]⁺

8-Bromo-1,3,9-trimethyl-3,9-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 13 3-[(S)-1-(4-Furan-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420 [M+H]⁺

2-Bromo-furan was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 14 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=438 [M+H]⁺

2-Bromo-[1,3,4]thiadiazole was the coupling partner. The reaction was carried out at 100° C. as described above.

EXAMPLE 15 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-thiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=437 [M+H]⁺

2-Bromo-thiazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 16 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-thiazol-4-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=437 [M+H]⁺

4-Bromo-thiazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 17 3-{(S)-1-[4-(2,4-Dimethyl-thiazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=465 [M+H]⁺

5-Bromo-2,4-dimethyl-thiazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 18 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁻): m/z=496 [M+HCOO]⁻

2-Bromo-5-methyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 19 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=462 [M+H]⁺

4-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 20 3-[(S)-1-(4-Furan-3-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420 [M+H]⁺

3-Bromo-furan was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 21 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=434 [M+H]⁺

4-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole was the coupling partner.

EXAMPLE 22 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[(2-methyl-4-thiazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A flask charged with a stir bar, 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (0.30 g), 2-methyl-thiazole (0.15 g), potassium acetate (0.15 g), palladium(II) acetate (5 mg), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (5 mL) was sparged with argon for 10 min. Then, the mixture was heated to 150° C. and stirred at this temperature overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was washed with water and brine. Then, the organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 80:20->0:100) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 95 mg (28% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=451 [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Example 22:

EXAMPLE 23 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(4-oxazol-5-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=421 [M+H]⁺

Oxazole was the coupling partner.

BIOLOGICAL TEST EXAMPLE 1

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

In Table 1 the 11β-HSD 1 inhibitory activities, determined as described above, are compiled, wherein 100% indicates no inhibition and a value of zero or below zero indicates complete inhibition.

TABLE 1 Average % control inhibition Example at 100 nM 1 2 2 95 3 38 5 48 6 40 7 50 8 92 9 −14 10 20 11 13 12 98 13 −2 14 31 15 6 16 −4 17 15 18 1 19 23 20 10 21 −19 22 11

Example B1 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4′-(alkoxy)-biphenyl-4-yl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (1.3 mL) is added to a solution of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl]-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (0.60 g) and (S)-3-(4-bromo-phenoxy)-alkyl (0.40 g) in dimethylformamide (10 mL). The resulting mixture is sparged with argon for 10 min, before [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (0.10 g) is added. The mixture is heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 4 h. Then another portion of [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (0.08 g) is added and the mixture is further stirred at 100° C. overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, water is added, and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts are washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 25:752->0:100) to afford the title compound.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Example B1:

Example B2 (4′-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yloxy)-acetic acid methyl ester

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=518 [M+H]⁺

BIOLOGICAL TEST EXAMPLE B

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

In Table 1 the 11β-HSD 1 inhibitory activities, determined as described above, are compiled, wherein 100% indicates no inhibition and a value of zero or below zero indicates complete inhibition.

TABLE 1 Average % control inhibition Example at 100 nM B1 0 B2 18

Example C1 3-[(S)-1-(4-Furan-3-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (0.70 mL) was added to a solution of 3-bromo-furan (75 μL) and (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl]-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (0.33 g) in dimethylformamide (3 mL). The resulting mixture was sparged with argon for 10 min, before [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloro-palladium(II) dichloromethane complex (16 mg) was added. The mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred at this temperature for 2 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, water was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 80:20->0:100) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 0.20 g (70% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=420 [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Example C1:

Example C2 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁻): m/z=550 [M+HCOO]⁻

2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazole was used as the coupling partner. The reaction was conducted at 110° C. as described above.

Example C3 (S)-3-{1-[4-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A flask charged with a stir bar, 3-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (0.32 g), 4,5-dimethyl-thiazole (0.20 mL), potassium acetate (0.16 g), palladium(II) acetate (6 mg), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (5 mL) was sparged with argon for 10 min. Then, the mixture was heated to 150° C. and stirred at this temperature overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was washed with water and brine. Then, the organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 80:20->0:100) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 35 mg (11% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=465 [M+H]⁺.

Example C4 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of 3-[(S)-1-(4-furan-3-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (0.12 g), PtO₂ (50 mg), and ethanol (15 mL) was shaken under hydrogen atmosphere (3 bar) at room temperature for 4 h. Then, the catalyst was separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 80:20->0:100) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 48 mg (40% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=424 [M+H]⁺.

BIOLOGICAL TEST EXAMPLE C

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

In Table 1 the 11β-HSD 1 inhibitory activities, determined as described above, are compiled, wherein 100% indicates no inhibition and a value of zero or below zero indicates complete inhibition.

TABLE 1 Average % control inhibition Example at 100 nM C1 10 C2 60 C4 30

The following compounds were obtained in analogy to Example B1:

Example D3 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(4′-methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=508 [M+H]⁺

Example D4 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(4′-methylsulfanyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=476 [M+H]⁺

Example D5 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-[(S)-1-(3′-methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethyl]-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=508 [M+H]⁺

Example D6 3-{(S)-1-[4′-(2-Hydroxy-ethoxy)-biphenyl-4-yl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

1 M solution of LiAlH₄ in tetrahydrofuran (0.15 mL) was added to a solution of (4′-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yloxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (125 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) cooled to −10° C. under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 2 h and at room temperature for 1 h, before another portion of LiAlH₄ (1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 0.04 mL) was added at −10° C. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperature for another 4 h. Then, water was added and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (acetonitrile/water) to give the title compound.

Yield: 69 mg (58% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=490 [M+H]⁺.

Example D7 3-{(S)-1-[4′-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propoxy)-biphenyl-4-yl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

MeMgBr (1.4 Min toluene/tetrahydrofuran, 1.1 mL) was added to a solution of (4′-{(S)-1-[(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-3-yl]-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yloxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (100 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight and then quenched by the addition of aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were concentrated. The residue was taken up in methanol (2 mL) and treated with 1 M aqueous NaOH solution (1 mL) at 45° C. for 1 h to saponify the starting material left. Then, the solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (acetonitrile/water) to give the title compound.

Yield: 72 mg (52% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=518 [M+H]⁺.

BIOLOGICAL TEST EXAMPLE D

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

In Table 1 the 11β-HSD 1 inhibitory activities, determined as described above, are compiled, wherein 100% indicates no inhibition and a value of zero or below zero indicates complete inhibition.

TABLE 1 Average % control inhibition Example at 100 nM D1 15 D6 −12 D7 3

Intermediates E-I and E-II 4-Bromo-1-[(S)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl]-1H-pyridin-2-one and 4-bromo-2-[(S)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yloxy]-pyridine

A mixture of 4-bromo-1H-pyridin-2-one (0.50 g), (R)-toluene-4-sulfonic acid tetrahydro-furan-3-yl ester (0.40 g), and potassium carbonate (0.80 g) in dimethylsulfoxide (5 mL) was stirred at 80° C. overnight. After cooling to ambient temperature, water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (acetonitrile/water) to afford the title compounds in separate fractions.

4-Bromo-1-[(S)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl]-1H-pyridin-2-one: Yield: 0.11 g (16% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=244/246 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

4-Bromo-2-[(S)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yloxy]-pyridine: Yield: 0.36 g (56% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=244/246 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

The following compounds were obtained in analogy to the procedure above:

Intermediate E-III 4-Bromo-1-[(R)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl]-1H-pyridin-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=244/246 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate E-IV 4-bromo-2-[(R)-tetrahydro-furan-3-yloxy]-pyridine

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=244/246 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate E-V 4-Bromo-1-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one

A mixture of 4-bromo-1H-pyridin-2-one (0.25 g), 2,2-dimethyl-oxirane (0.26 mL), and potassium carbonate (0.40 g) in dimethylformamide (2.5 mL) was stirred under microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 30 min. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mixture was concentrated and purified by HPLC on reversed phase (acetonitrile/water) to afford the title compound.

Yield: 0.34 g (96% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=246/248 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

Intermediates E-VI and E-VII 3-(4-Bromo-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester and 2-(4-bromo-pyridin-2-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester

A mixture of 4-bromo-1H-pyridin-2-one (0.50 g), methyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (0.45 mL), and potassium carbonate (0.68 g) in dimethylformamide (5 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 3 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 70:30->50:50) to afford the title compounds in separate fractions.

3-(4-Bromo-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester: Yield: 0.53 g (67% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=274/276 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

2-(4-Bromo-pyridin-2-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester: Yield: 0.15 g (19% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=274/276 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E-VIII 4-Bromo-1-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one

LiAlH₄ (1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 1.16 mL) was added to a solution of 3-(4-bromo-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester (0.53 g) in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) chilled in an ice bath. After stirring the solution with cooling for 2 h, another portion of LiAlH₄ (1 M in tetrahydrofuran, 0.29 mL) was added. After stirring with cooling for 1 more hour, the reaction was quenched by the addition of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was evaporated to give the title compound.

Yield: 0.37 g (78% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=246/248 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E-IX 4-Bromo-1-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one

NaH (60% in mineral oil, 57 mg) was added to a solution of 4-bromo-1-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one (0.53 g) in dimethylformamide (6 mL) chilled in an ice bath. After stirring the solution with cooling for 0.5 h, methyl iodide (110 μL) was added. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (acetonitrile/water) to give the title compound as an oil.

Yield: 70 mg (30% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=260/262 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate E-IX:

Intermediate E-X 4-Bromo-1-(2-methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=260/262 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Intermediate E-XI (4-Bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-hydrazine

A flask was charged with a stir bar, 4-bromo-2-fluoro-pyridine (2.00 g), and hydrazine hydrate (5.5 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, 4 M aqueous NaOH solution (5 mL) and water (10 mL) were added and the mixture was vigorously stirred for another 10 min. The precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with water, and dried at 50° C. The title compound was isolated as a colorless solid.

Yield: 1.57 g (74% of theory).

Intermediate E-XII 7-Bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine

A solution of (4-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-hydrazine (0.50 g) in formic acid (0.50 mL) is stirred at reflux temperature overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to give the title compound.

Yield: 0.52 g (99% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=198/200 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

The following compound was obtained in analogy to Intermediate XII:

Intermediate E-XIII 7-Bromo-3-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=212/214 (Br) [M+H]⁺

Acetic acid was used instead of formic acid.

Example E1 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-{4-[2-(alkoxy)-pyridin-4-yl]-phenyl}-ethyl)-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (1.25 mL) is added to a solution of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl]-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (0.60 g) and 4-bromo-2-alkoxy-pyridine (0.34 g) in dimethylformamide (10 mL). The resulting mixture is sparged with argon for 10 min, before [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) dichloromethane complex (51 mg) is added. The mixture is heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 4 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the solution is filtered over Celite, water is added to the filtrate, and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts are washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 25:75->0:100) to afford the title compound.

The following compounds were obtained in analogy to Example E1:

Example E4 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-((S)-1-{4-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl]-phenyl}-ethyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=519 [M+H]⁺

Example E6 3-{(S)-1-[4-(3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=436 [M+H]⁺

4-Trifluoromethanesulfonyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran was the coupling partner.

Example E7 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-((S)-1-{4-[1-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl]-phenyl}-ethyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=533 [M+H]⁺

Example E8 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(3-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=485 [M+H]⁺

Example E9 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=471 [M+H]⁺

Example E10 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-((S)-1-{4-[1-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl]-phenyl}-ethyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=519 [M+H]⁺

Example E11 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-(1-{4-[1-(2-methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl]-phenyl}-ethyl)-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=533 [M+H]⁺

BIOLOGICAL TEST EXAMPLE E

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol is determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals is then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

In Table 1 the 11β-HSD 1 inhibitory activities, determined as described above, are compiled, wherein 100% indicates no inhibition and a value of zero or below zero indicates complete inhibition.

TABLE 1 Average % control inhibition Example at 100 nM E1 25 E4 37

The compounds of the invention are useful for ameliorating or treating disorders or diseases in which decreasing the level of cortisol is effective in treating a disease state. Thus, the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment or prevention of diabetes mellitus (e.g., type II diabetes), obesity, symptoms of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemica, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, lipodystrophy, osteoporosis, glaucoma, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's Disease, visceral fat obesity associated with glucocorticoid therapy, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, cognitive decline (including age-related cognitive decline), polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility and hypergonadism. The compounds of the invention can be used as therapeutic agents for pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease. In addition, the compounds modulate the function of B and T cells of the immune system and can therefore be used to treat diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy and psoriasis. They can also be used to promote wound healing, particularly in diabetic patients.

Additional diseases or disorders that are related to 11β-HSD1 activity include those selected from the group consisting of lipid disorders, hypretriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, vascular restenosis, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, Cushing's syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, viral diseases, and Syndrome X. A further disease related to 11β-HSD1 activity is pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may, alternatively or in addition to an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention, comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefore. Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise a compound of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention or a pharmaceutical salt thereof as the only pharmaceutically active agent in the pharmaceutical composition. The disclosed 11β-HSD1 inhibitors can be used alone or in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma.

The compositions of the invention are 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Said compositions contain compounds having a mean inhibition constant (IC₅₀) against 11β-HSD1 of below about 1,000 nM; preferably below about 100 nM; more preferably below about 50 nM; even more preferably below about 5 nM; and most preferably below about 1 nM.

The invention includes a therapeutic method for treating or ameliorating an 11β-HSD1 mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or composition thereof. As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment. Therapeutic treatment includes reducing the symptoms associated with a disease or condition and/or increasing the longevity of a subject with the disease or condition. Prophylactic treatment includes delaying the onset of a disease or condition in a subject at risk of developing the disease or condition or reducing the likelihood that a subject will then develop the disease or condition in a subject that is at risk for developing the disease or condition.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of the invention or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma. Agents for the treatment of diabetes include insulins, such as Humulin® (Eli Lilly), Lantus® (Sanofi Aventis), Novolin (Novo Nordisk), and Exubera® (Pfizer); PPAR gamma agonists, such as Avandia® (rosiglitizone maleate, GSK) and Actos® (pioglitazone hydrochloride, Takeda/Eli Lilly); sulfonylureas, such as Amaryl® (glimepiride, Sanofi Aventis), Diabeta® (glyburide, Sanofi Aventis), Micronase®/Glynase® (glyburide, Pfizer), and Glucotrol®/Glucotrol XL® and (glipizide, Pfizer); meglitinides, such as Prandin®/NovoNorm® (repaglinide, Novo Nordisk), Starlix® (nateglinide, Novartis), and Glufast® (mitiglinide, Takeda); biguanides, such as Glucophase®/Glucophase XR® (metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb) and Glumetza (metformin HCl, Depomed); thiazolidinediones; amylin analogs, GLP-1 analogs; DPP-IV inhibitors; PTB-1B inhibitors; protein kinase inhibitors (including AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitors); glucagon antagonists, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors; glucose-6-phoshatase inhibitors; glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors; sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as Precose®/Glucobay®/Prandase®/Glucor® (acarbose, Bayer) and Glyset® (miglitol, Pfizer). Agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease include statins, fibrates, and ezetimbe. Agents for the treatment of hypertension include alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, dual ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), aldosterone synthase inhibitors, aldosterone-receptor antagonists, or endothelin receptor antagonist. Agents for the treatment of obesity include orlistat, phentermine, sibutramine and rimonabant.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of the invention or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more other 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, or with combination products, such as Avandamet® (metformin HCl and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Avandaryl® (glimepiride and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Metaglip® (glipizide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb); and Glucovance® (glyburide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb).

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. Thus, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection, that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be administered intranasally or transdermally. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise as the active ingredient, either compounds or a corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can either be solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active ingredient.

In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from about one to about seventy percent of the active ingredient. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium caboxymethylcellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Tablets, powders, cachets, lozenges, fast-melt strips, capsules and pills can be used as solid dosage forms containing the active ingredient suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low-melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first-melted and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, retention enemas, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensions for oral administration can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active ingredient in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

The pharmaceutical composition is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form, the composition is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of, for example, tablets, powders, and capsules in vials or ampules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a tablet, cachet, capsule, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate amount of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active ingredient in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 mg to about 1000.0 mg, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill in the art. Also, the pharmaceutical composition may contain, if desired, other compatible therapeutic agents.

In therapeutic treatment or as a method-of-use as an inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 or an inhibitor in the production of cortisol in the cell, the active ingredient is preferably administered orally in a solid dosage form as disclosed above in an amount of about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per daily dose where the dose is administered once or more than once daily.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually designated as having been incorporated by reference. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the appended claims.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof; wherein R¹ is (a) absent or (b) is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴) ₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, arylamino and heteroarylamino; A¹ is (a) a bond, or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene, CH₂CH₂O, wherein the oxygen is attached to Cy¹, or CH₂C(═O), wherein the carbonyl carbon is attached to Cy¹; Cy¹ phenyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-carbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; Cy² is 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, or oxazolyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; E is (a) a bond or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene or (C₁-C₂)alkylenyloxy, wherein the O is attached to R², each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or oxo; R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R³ is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R^(4 O) ₂C—, R⁴C(═O)O—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴) ₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR ⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, spirocycloalkyl; heterocyclyl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen or oxo), heteroaryl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N -monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo), arylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido) and heteroarylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N- dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo); and R⁴ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl; provided that the compound is not: (R)-6-allyl-6-(4—fluorophenyl)-3-((S)-1-(4(5-methyl-1,3,4oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one; (S)-6-(2-Methyl-allyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(5-methyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from of one of the Formulas (Ia¹), (Ib¹), (Ia²), (Ib²), (Ia⁵), (Ib⁵), (Ia⁷), (Ib⁷):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ic¹):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and G¹ is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Id¹):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein: G¹ is (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano or nitro; n is 0, 1 or 2; and G^(2b) is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ic²):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and G¹ is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Id²):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein: G¹ is (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano or nitro; n is 0, 1 or 2; and G^(2b) is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ic⁵):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and G¹ is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Id⁴):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein: G¹ is (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano or nitro; n is 0, 1 or 2; and G^(2b) is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, hydroxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ic⁷) or (Ic⁸):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and G¹ is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkythio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl.
 10. A method of treating an 11β-HSD1 mediated disorder comprising the step of administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of the compound of claim 1, wherein the 11β-HSD1 mediated disorder is selected from the group consisting of diabetes mellitus, obesity, symptoms of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemica, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, lipodystrophy, osteoporosis, glaucoma, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's Disease, visceral fat obesity associated with glucocorticoid therapy, depression, anxiety, dementia, polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypergonadism.
 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent; and ii) the compound of claim 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof. 